study reasons

 The graph shows that there is a decrease in study for career purposes according to age. 80% of students under 26 years, study for their career. This percentage gradually declines by 10-20% every decade. Only 40% of people between 40 and 49 years and 18% of those above 49 years study for career reasons.

The first graph also shows that studying for interest purposes also increases with age. people under 26 years don't have this purpose and their percentage is low.The percentage increases sharply above 40 years . However 70% of people over 49 years old study for interest while 18% of the same group study for career reasons.
The second graph shows that employer support is  60% for the students under 26 years. It drops to 32% with people in their 30s , and then increases to 44%.


In conclusion, the highest level of support is given for students who study for career reasons.  

line graph

 The line graph and table show the number of people who visited Australia from overseas. And also its gives the information on the country where is the visitors come from. In this essay I will describe the line graph and table.

   To start with, the line graph shows the visits to Australia by overseas residents. In 1975 the number of visitors was around 10 million, but over ten, in 1985, years it increased to about 15 million visitors. Similarly, it rose by around 9 million visitors in 1995, and finally it increased slightly in 2005 to about 31 million people.

    The table shows the origin of these visitors. Most people who travel to Australia are Japanese.  In 1975 there were 3 million and it quadrupled to 12.0 million in 2005. People who come from US were 0.4 million in 1975 this number also increased to 2 million.


    In conclusion, visitors to Australia increased noticeably from 1975 to 2005.

restaurant

The table illustrates the sales at a restaurant in town in the USA. It gives information of sales in the week of October 7-13. In this essay I will summarize the information and report the main trends regarding lunch and dinner.

      To start with, the highest lunch sales were on Friday, and the lowest were on Sunday . Dinner sales were 1000$ more than lunch sales. The second highest sales are on Thursday. However, the total of both lunch and dinner was less than on Friday by around $ 500. On Wednesday and Thursday, the sales were slightly lower than they were on Tuesday. From Monday to Wednesday the number of people who spent money in the restaurant is almost the same. The average for these days was $ 3,600 for dinner and $ 2,450 for lunch which restaurant had more on dinner. Lastly on Saturday people spend less money in the restaurant with the full day's sales being less than Friday dinner sales.

       In conclusion, as you can see the biggest sales were on the Thursday and Friday. However the least sales were on Saturday and it remained constant from Monday to Wednesday for lunch and dinner.

Portfolio Task 6

A Global currency means each country has their own currency for trade and travels. Some people think that it is a lot easier to make one single global currency. However, others think that it will not help. In this essay I will write about both sides and I will give several examples about my experience and finally I will give my opinion.

To start with, most people believe that making a single global currency is not good for them. One point is not fine is that some countries have some economy issues and have low income from minerals and resources. There is huge difference between many countries about the financial stuff. For example, some countries are very poor, such as, Yemen and Libya. Compared to the UAE and the US if is very difficult to make one single currency between these countries.

One the other side, some people believe that making a single global currency will be its much easier for trade and travel. One point is that it is better that the people they do not have to exchange their money when they are traveling between cities. They think it will make the person who is traveling a lot have and easy life. Also the people who like to between different countries will be helped.

People who want to cross the borders easily, one example is in European they have single currency all across all Europe that is helping the people to have an easy way for traveling.

In conclusion, trade and travel in one single global currency is much easier for most people. But, others think that it is a bad solution. In my opinion, I think making a single currency across the world is better, because it will is allow me to enter any country very easily and also it will help me to trade from any country without exchanging my money.

children

Most children want somebody to encourage them in their life. There are two ways to encourage them. The first is competition, and the other way is cooperation. In this essay I will write about both sides and I will give several examples of my life experience. Finally I will give my opinion.

     People think that children who cooperate will become useful adults. One point for cooperation is that the children will work as groups. Group work means that children must work together cooperatively and help each other. It helps the weak children improve their academic and social skills, and it makes them stronger by building their self-esteem. One example is when I was in high school. I was very weak at the classwork. However, during my college years of study, I worked with students in groups, and now I feel I am doing very well. 

     On the other side, some people think that competition is better for the children. One point is that the children will get higher achievements when they are challenging each other. Competition means that each child will compete with his colleague to raise their level and show better results. Some schools in the UAE encourage sport competitions; these will help fat children, for example, especially that they feel excluded from such events.

     In conclusion, as you can see, some people feel that the competition for children is a tough way to encourage them. However, others think cooperation is better for children. In my opinion, I think the cooperation is better for children because in this way the child is guided and assisted to do more work and correctly. This will definitely help him in his future. 

Balanced Diet

Many people think that a balanced diet or eating balanced meals will help them to make their life healthy. However, others think that it will not work that way. In this essay I will write about both situations and give several examples in my life, and finally I will give my opinion.

To start with, some people believe that eating balanced and baried meals will help them to make their life healthy. One point that is true is that the healthy foods will help them to have a better healthiness, fitness and well-being. The healthy foods, such as proteins, will give you more power and less fats in your body. For example, my father has been eating healthy food since he was 20 years old, and now he is in a very good condition and free from disease.

On the other side, some people think that eating balanced meals will help them to have a good healthy life, but this is not enough. One point is that the healthy life needs more exercise to stay fit in your life. Exercise means you have to work out at least 1 hour daily and 4 days in a week. That will help you a lot. For example, I go to the gym  6 days in a week, and this is very effective physically and mentally. Another point is that you have to quit smoking. Smoking is really bad for your body and makes your life unhealthy. For example, my brother Ali he used to smoke every day, and he also went to gym and was on a diet. However, he is not in hale and hearty, as he always visits the doctors.

In conclusion, although some people think having sensible eating habits and meals help them to have a good life, I think having good healthy meals is not enough; you have to do some exercise and stop smoking to sustain yourself in the future.

TASK 1

Final project

Operational Risk Management

In the aviation industry, like any other domain, risks vary from high to low, but safety remains of crucial importance. “Research by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration into aviation accidents has found that 70% involve human error. Observations of flight have found that decision making contributes largely to such errors.” (British Medical Journal, 2000)

 Operational risk management, ORM, is a means of decision-making that helps identify the risks, control them and therefore try to avoid them. In this way, the effectiveness of the performance will be better, and accidents and hazards lessened. ORM is effective because it can be performed before each flight. As a result, mishaps can be reduced. It can be also applied during and after any operation or task. It is based on several principles that will be discussed in detail.

The first principle governing ORM is accepting no unnecessary risk. Risk is the possibility of accidents like injury to people or loss of resources. In fact, even our daily activities involve risk. Therefore, all risks must be accepted for an operation to be complete. However, to accomplish an operation, some choices must be made to meet all the requirements with the minimum risk. Unnecessary risk is when the possibility of the achievement is not justified by the potential of the risk. To explain the idea of unnecessary risk, consider the following example. Many accidents occur using a single‐pilot only (SPO). SPO operations should be avoided. “Most tactical and surveillance operations are conducted with a pilot and tactical flight officer or two pilots. And they should be due to the limitations of the naked eye and the fact that the pilot is unable to simultaneously fly the aircraft and use viewing devices. Three of the airplane accidents in the NTSB database occurred with single‐pilot only, and two of the three resulted in fatal injuries. Pilots should not simultaneously be flying the aircraft and performing tactical duties because it compromises safety and is an unnecessary risk.” (http://www.docstoc.com)

There are some procedures that help avoid unnecessary risks. These include being aware of the risks and proper detection of the hazards. Also, decision making skills at all levels are very important to reduce such risks, and this is the second principle of ORM.

The third main principle of ORM is making risk decisions at the appropriate level. As a decision-making tool, ORM is only effective when the information is passed to the appropriate level of command. Those accountable for the success or failure of the mission must be included in the risk decision process, and they must elevate the decision to a higher level; that is, the level of who will answer in the event of an accident. These in turn determine what constitutes the acceptable level of risk.

Making the decision involves: selecting the best trained people, using the best maintained equipment, instructed in clear terms about the mission and its limits, to accomplish the mission with extreme emphasis on safety, have appropriate supervision in place at all levels. And yet, if there is a serious or critical hazard, and/or it is likely or probable that a mishap will occur, then responsible leadership dictates that the mission must be delayed until the hazard and/or mishap likelihood can be reduced. This may mean waiting for weather to improve, for better equipment to arrive, or for better-trained [or non-fatigued] people to arrive. (http://www.iawg.cap.gov)

The third principle is accepting risk when benefits outweigh the costs. The benefits should be compared against the costs. If the sum of the benefits exceeds or outweighs the sum of the costs, then risk can be acceptable. This balancing or benefits and costs is usually carried out by the decision-maker.

“You wouldn’t, for example, dispatch a Challenger to Baghdad purely to deliver a widget your company sold for fifty-seven cents. On the other hand, the CEO might be willing to fly over there if a $5 billion deal was on the line.” (Pat Daily, 2010)

In a world of uncertainty, important decisions might have uncertain outcomes. However, the choice must be made to the most preferred outcome. This is made by the decision-maker who identifies the problem, assesses the losses and expresses the preferences of the outcomes, and rationality is paramount here. For example, a day of good weather is much better to fly an airplane for the first time than a day with low instrument flight rules (IFR) conditions.

      “Activities with large potential for loss of life or severe economic or social consequences, such as nuclear energy, chemical processes, and aviation, have since the 1960’s been subject to methodical and quantitative risk assessments.” (Stewart& Melchers, 1997).

In fact, ORM is applying common sense and looking before you leap. Thus, a manager or a decision-maker can be rational when assessing the costs and benefits. By doing this, risk and fatal dangers are reduced.

Lastly, an important pillar of ORM is integrating it into planning at all levels of the organization. The earlier risks are identified, the easier it becomes to control them. Throughout all the phases of any mission, ORM can be applied and integrated, be it planning or executing activities. This has a direct impact on safety as safety requires appropriate management in all the stages of the flight. By integrating ORM, performance will be improved from mission readiness to mission accomplishment. This integration is a whole process that includes anticipating the risks, proper planning and managing them in a disciplined approach. The goal is to know the hazard before a flight or mission. Many of the variables that play into the risk/gain equation can be overlooked or lost if the process is not undertaken at the beginning of a project or mission planning session.

In conclusion, the outline of ORM is not waiting until you feel that something doesn’t seem right; instead it is analyzing the risk and taking the best decision. It is not a complicated process, but once implemented it helps effectiveness and reduction of unwanted incidents.

“The United States Army was one of the early adopters of the concept of ORM and has embraced it vigorously. It is now an integral part of their operations on the ground, in the air, and off duty. Since adopting risk management in the late 1980s, the Army's overall air and ground accident rates have dropped dramatically.” (Pat Daily, 2010)

References

Daily, Pat. “CRM and ORM for Aviation”. Convergent Publications, 2010. Print.

Johnson, Keith. "Avoid Unnecessary Risks." Docstoc – Documents, Templates, Forms, Ebooks, Papers & Presentations. Web. 11 Jan. 2012. <http://www.docstoc.com/docs/80833944/Avoid-Unnecessary-Risks>.

Mark G. Stewart and Robert E. Melchers, Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Engineering Systems, Chapman & Hall, London, 1997.

"Principles of ORM." Iowa Wing Civil Air Patrol. Web. 11 Jan. 2012. <http://www.iawg.cap.gov>.

Helmreich L Robert. "On Error Management: Lessons From Aviation." British Medical Journal. v.320(7237)(2000)

http://www.bmj.com//node/337293?variant=extract